What is chickenpox? Symptoms of chickenpox?

What is chickenpox? Symptoms of chickenpox?

The fastest transmitted diseases. Is more common in winter and spring months. The incubation period is 10-20 days. Contagion debris begins two days ago. The first symptoms of fatigue, fever and loss of appetite. Before beginning a few places open to the whole body within 2 days of red-colored rash, spread to the scalp. There is severe itching.
How Should Treatment of chickenpox?

In general, the disease observed in infants and children is not considered to be feared bi sizes. What is important is not to allow kaşınmasına many, spacious area to keep itchy ..

This continues until the shell connected it with infectious lesions within 1 week. Babies should be vaccinated from the age of 1. The difference is in contact with chickenpox varicella vaccine preservative may be made ​​within 3 days. Treatment for itching, syrups, lotions, If fever or fever should be given.
The point is that aspirin, chicken pox in children undergoing liver, renal failure (Reye Syndrome) certainly should not be given as possible causes.

What is mumps?

the front runner - at the bottom of the parotid salivary gland, called by mumps virus infection called. May be single or double sided.
What are the symptoms of mumps?

With the virus from the body by breathing 2 - 3 weeks after its loss of appetite, fatigue, fever, and headache with pain and swelling of the parotid gland begins to show. In this process, the vacant upper second molar tooth at the level of saliva into the mouth of the parotid gland swelling and redness around the hole. This symptom is helpful in diagnosis. Percent (%) 30 asymptomatic children's disease passes. Swelling disappears spontaneously within a week.
What is the treatment of mumps?
There is no special treatment.

     bed rest
     Plenty of fluids
     fever reduction

supportive treatment as is applied. Mumps in adult patients may be more dangerous than the table. Can be seen after mumps meningitis. Severe headache, stiff neck when required hospitalization for further evaluation and treatment.

Infant feeding method

First of all, it is very important for the baby breast milk, breast milk, and that the first few months of breastfeeding your baby's food requirements of all
istiyorum.Sevgili indicate that further strengthened the bond between mother-infant mothers and breastfeeding mothers to pay attention emzirin.Bebek sure your baby? baby thoroughly wash hands before breastfeeding mothers, breast olmalıdır.Bebeğin six dry clean, comfortable and nose clear and clean olmalıdır.Anne to remain idle, pressing the baby's nose to his chest in an appropriate position should provide oturmalıparmağıyla.

300x199 breastfeeding baby breastfeeding technique in the breast milk empties 5-8 minutes for 20-25 minutes, but should be very careful emzirilmelidir.Bebeği breastfeeding the baby after you have finished alınmalıdır.Bebeği precaution against germs infect the milk, or due to blockage of the gas extracted from 0.5 to 10 minutes Put the face, then the right side or on your back after you have finished yatırılmalıdır.Bebeği Baby2-4 hours is enough to match the saturated and the mother's milk.

Dear mothers breast feeding your baby enough milk to another if there is an additional food vermiyorsanız breast-fed babies are healthier and happier etmelisiniz.Anne much attention, and you must be for the baby to nurse your baby's health and happiness.

and treatment of pediatric diseases

Children's DiseasesDiseases clinic follow-up and development of new-born babies, infant, preschool and school age children, infectious diseases, ear-nose-throat diseases, allergic diseases, disorders of puberty, growth monitoring, diagnosis and treatment of obesity are.Diagnosis and treatment of diseases of children, child development and education are applied in parallel with a multidisciplinary nature.
Children's endocrinology specialist, neurologist, cardiologist child dentist, educator, and dietitian are involved.
Thanks to advanced laboratory and radiology services to our patients, our clinic can be diagnosed without delay.
However, emergency treatment is carried out without entering the hospital environment in the hands of doctors and nurses.
Cardiological assessment of athletes are healthier as a result of the investigation.
Development of children per month follow-up program, alongside vaccines conferences for parents, pregnancy education will be implemented.
Our clinic serves a full day, 6 days a week.
OBESITYAmong adults in the United States in 1/3 U; 6 children 6-19 years of smoking, the medical complications değerlendirilmektedir.Bugün more obese is caused by obesity, non-insulin dependent (Type 2 diabetes), hypertension, disorders caused by blood oil are . This is a common situation in biological, psychosocial, environmental, and social factors are originated.Diagnosis:Body Mass Index (BMI) kullanılmaktadır.Erişkinlerde definition of obesity BMI> 25 overweight, BMI> 30 is considered obese. Body Mass Index for children according to age and gender between the group with 85-95.persantiller risk group for obesity or overweight, 95 60% of obese adolescents on a percentile oluşturmaktadır.Obez group continues to be obese into adulthood.Reasons:Faktördür.Fazla Ebebeyn an important determinant of obesity, 80% of adolescents between the ages of 10-14 are overweight, even obese parents can tell when one of the important factor is heredity olmaktadır.Burada obese in adulthood, even though the rapid increase in obesity in the last 20 years, a significant life style and social impacts shows the role.
Children's age at birth, body mass index higher, rising slightly again during the first months, then gradually drops until age 5-6 increases until adulthood. Closely with the increase in childhood obesity before the age of 5-6 pounds of body fat distribution changes in important growth dönemidir.Kız ilgilidir.Ergenlik children during this period increased by 40% body fat is reduced 40% in boys. This is that obesity in adulthood increases the risk of obese adolescents girls.
Food habits of early (2-3 years) the effect of age, seated family and the child's appetite by selecting büyüktür.Besin nutrition value of food that is decisive here, and after the poor nutrition of the mother's womb to old age olmaktadır.Bebeğin hypothesis that this type of obesity in children, hunger-toklukla nedenidir.Bir hormanlara related hypersensitivity develops early in life that cause stress in the body to store fat.
Decrease in physical activity together with urbanization, easy access to foods with high caloric value, so the timings of the children out of school to spend most of the environmental factors at home, in the face of television and computer oluşturmaktadır.Kalorisi high intake of beverages and foods (hamburgers, sugary drinks, etc.) are also an important risk factor . Many high-fat foods in school canteens is noteworthy given freely.Diseases Caused by:Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes (non insulin-dependent) is caused by diseases such as can be seen only in adult age. Hypertension in obese children is 3 times more than others. Obesity in children and adults, elevated blood fats (triglycerides), low HDL-cholesterol (high density lipoprotein cholesterol), levels of lead. Ebebeylerinin blood fats (trigliserd) in obese children with a high susceptibility to cardiovascular disease are high blood fats. These children have total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (low density lipoprotein cholesterol) levels should intervene. These children should be recommended fat and calorie intake and increased physical activity should be limited. These are the drug therapy should be considered insufficient.
Parents can tell his family that Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance in obese youth are more frequent. Insulin resistance, heart - faktörüdür.Tip 2 Diabetes is a major risk for cardiovascular disease, kidney, eye and blood vessel disease or cause.
However, illnesses caused by obesity, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and increased risk of death in a group of disorders that cause high blood pressure in adults with metabolic syndrome today, high blood fat levels (triglycerides), low HDL-cholesterol (high density lipoprotein cholesterol), high fasting blood glucose levels, obesity is defined as individuals with pathological features three to one. 30% of adolescents in the United States are between the ages of 12-19.Treatment:Is of great importance for prevention of breast feeding during the first months of life. Families of fruits, vegetables and cereal-based diet should be emphasized, not overestimate the amount of milk and meat. Low-fat milk is recommended after 2 years of age. Sugary, carbonated drinks, even fruit juices, they must be restricted. Children at an early age to make nutritional preferences, hunger-satiety acquires habits at an early age.
At least 3 days a week, regular physical activity of children increased with sports. Be limited in their time at the beginning of television and computer.
Parents should set the example of nutrition and activity habits of children.

Periods of sleep babies need, they

There are always requirements for the healthy development of babies to sleep regularly. The need for sleep decreased with age. The need for a new born baby's sleep is approximately 16.5 saatken 3 months 15 hours, 14 hours of 9 months, 18 months is 13.5 hours, at the age of 3 is reduced to 12 hours. In addition, the needs of babies sleep at night until 3 years of age have needs as well as daytime sleepiness.
0-3 months
9 hours of the night three months old infants, a total of 6 hours and 15 hours of daytime sleep is divided into three. Second time in roughly two hours of the night at about 6 months `evil in the deep night's sleep, sleep and light sleep, and 9-month duration of naps to 30 minutes when the light goes down and the total sleep time is 14 hours. Your baby is approximately 13-14 hours of sleep a day and age when it will become a 11 hour night's sleep.
3-6 months
3-4 month-old babies sleep about 15 hours a day, 10 hours of sleep a night and day, and the rest in pieces. I still wake up to feed your baby once or twice a night, but after 6 months of age your baby may begin to sleep all night long.
Babies sleep time for the evening 7 - 8:30 is from. You will have difficulty falling asleep late and your baby will be very tired. This may seem very different to you more tired, your baby is awake and alive to climb the walls can be signs of that but it certainly passed the time sleeping.
If you are sure your baby sleeping at least 10-12 hours of the morning, wake up at the same time. This will help you create a specific order.
6-9 months
In these months, babies like to sleep 14 hours a day at a time and has gained the ability to sleep for as long as seven hours. If you earned more than meets the ability of this self uyuyabilme means. 1.5-2 hours of the morning to the afternoon of the day may be a short naps. Meets three times a day do not panic your baby naps. Please note that certain hours of day and night for the implementation of sleep helps your baby's sleep patterns oturtulmasına.
Between 9-12 months
This month, the baby sleeps at night, 10-12 hours and 1.5-2 hours twice a day. You must be sure that your baby enough sleep, because sleep is very important for the development of your baby to sleep. Constant sleep patterns and sleep in the same time almost always make sure your baby. If you wake up more frequently in this layout, you slide it güçleşip fall asleep at night. Bathe for months, as we said earlier, read fairy tales, such as playing a quiet game. Make sure you do the same routine every night in the same order. Layout, and named her babies like to know what will make them happy. T like to do nothing to deal with this activity if you put the bath to complete it first. Legend if you do not hum the song to him.
Between 12-18 months
We congratulate you. Your baby now has a child out of infancy, but still need much sleep as small as one. 11 hours a night until the age of 13-14, including two hours sleep a day is required. Day, but still require two naps when the 18-month to once daily, evening sleep 1.5-3 hours is sufficient. If this arrangement should continue until the age of 4-5. A two-day sleep, daytime sleepiness may be difficult to pass. Experts for this transition period, sleeping for a while, making sure your baby's night how to set one or two daytime sleepiness and sleep at night goes to sleep early information by the due once a day are recommended.
Between 18-24 months
Your baby is now 10-12 hours at night, once in the afternoon needs to 1.5-3 hours of sleep. Some babies sleep in the daytime up to 2 years twice a day and you do need to sleep with your baby is one of them fight, let him sleep.
If your baby is still poor sleep habits at this age I try to change them. Your baby is still rocking, lullaby with lap or sleeping longer is time to replace them. Without these activities is dependent on you and your baby can not sleep, you will need to wake up at night.
Between 24-36 months
Children between the ages of two to three afternoons 1.5-2 hours of sleep and sleep at night requires 11 hours. Most of the children in this age group to 6:30-8 in the morning, sleep and wakes up in the evening between 7-9. So now your sleep is now almost close to the layout. You still have more light sleep period, and this continues like this until the age of 4. From one period to go through a sleep more then you more then you wake up again. This is why you must teach your child sleeps when he wakes up again, how.
Do not be afraid of the dark
And you would not want to stay away from the monsters under the bed to be common problems. Most do not worry. Fear is a part of the normal development of your child. If you wake up at night, nightmares immediately next to go see and try to comfort him talk about the dream. If you can dream of the problems persists, try to find the source it in daily life. If you get really scared and wakes up in bed to getting easily once in a while it's OK to sakinleşemiyorsa.
Some causes of Night uyanmalarının
Teething
Mild pain and itching gums, restlessness baby temporarily disrupt the normal order.
Growth milestones
The need to feed your baby can hear more as they grow. If your baby is now one of the parents must be supplied to the baby's room at night rahatlatmalıdır him go.
Atmışsa important steps with the development of your baby, and it spends a great effort to stand up, pull-yourself work, such as walking may want to stay awake-this success with happiness. I wake to sleep, it may want to try their new skills, in this case without taking it out of bed to go to sleep, relax, and try to create a peaceful environment.
Ear infections
Your baby cries loudly, çekiştiriyorsa ear, throwing himself back avutulamıyorsa baby cries, and may have an ear infection. In this case, in order to fit your baby sleep patterns do not mean trouble puller. In this case, your doctor is very beneficial in your search.
Or other unrest against secession
Very moving, for example after a day trip, the start of a new caregiver, the mother returned to work, get a permit and the baby's nanny approaching 9 months of age infants can cause sleep disruption. If you feel your baby is restless effort to comfort her show twice, more careful to make a routine sleep patterns, with more love and patience, self-close, but your baby to fall asleep almost always try to provide.
Can you take your baby to bed?
Almost every family lives in this experience at any time and provides better sleep for everyone to get to bed a baby discovers. However, this situation may cause some problems.
1. Örtünüzün beds, pillows and stretched slightly to be sure. Heavy, soft, and very curly and very warm baby blanket and pillows off the face and may interfere with breathing.
2. Make sure your baby sıkışmamasına into the edges of the bed.
3. Lying to your baby because it is too thick giydirmeyin vücutlarınızdan take enough heat.
4. Without putting the baby on the pillow. Since the fall or the soft folds of the pillow and rolled off the path of breath can be dangerous.
5. Without putting the game together with a baby son. Both accidentally rolled onto the baby kick and inadvertently may cause choking. If your child that you take both the meantime, if you absolutely must have one of the parents.
6. Do not take your baby to bed awake is too deep
Even if your baby down without putting it hoşlansa. Lay on your back and side. Was seen lying face down on the research, because infants and sudden infant death in infants lying supine or lateral position is not the case. American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that parents yatırmalarını babies on their backs or side of the truth. It is possible to provide a comfortable lying on their sides to sleep on pillows supporting your baby.

Food menu for children 2 years of age

SAMPLE MENU (2 YEARS)

morning

1 cup milk or fruit juice (home made​​, fresh)

Cheese or 1 egg 1 box of matches (2 times per week)

Seeds removed 1 teaspoon olive oil or 5 pieces

2-3 teaspoons of jam, honey or molasses

1 medium slice of bread, tomatoes



intermediate

1 serving of fruit

noon

1 until the dumplings boiled or grilled meat, chicken, fish or vegetables, meatballs, zucchini stuffed with minced meat, legumes dishes

4 tablespoons vegetable dish

3-4 tablespoons of rice or pasta

1 cup yogurt or milk

afternoon

1 cup fruit juice or 1 cup milk (instead of milk in the morning)

4-5 pieces of bread, biscuits or a slice of

evening

1 bowl of soup (lentil, tarhana, plateau)

4 tablespoons vegetable dish

1 cup yogurt

Mobile phones Is it harmful?

The report will be kept away from the head the phone is only available in wired headsets for mobile phones to decrease the harmful effects of the headphones in the absence of "speaker" and talk about the message instead of a phone call is preferred, call after the connection is made to keep the ear mobile phone, mobile phones, heart, brain, It is recommended to keep away from organs such as kidneys.
Attention to infants and children
Pregnant women, the report warned that children not use cell phones, cell phones off while sleeping, at least 1 meter away from the introduction of bedside kapatılmayacaksa recommended.
Using mobile phones in moving vehicles, and transportation is not recommended in the report, reflected in a car in the metal walls, the intensity of the electromagnetic field, electromagnetic wave caused by the more open havadakinden shown as a justification.
Considerable research was kept in mind
The Ministry of Health started to be widely used in recent years, numerous studies on the effects of mobile phones on human health, considering the public's right to informed citizens to take precautions and informative scientific recommendations made by a committee was convinced of the necessity determination.
In this context, the Ministry of Health, "Health Effects of Electromagnetic Fields Evaluation Sub-Committee" was created. As a result of studies conducted by the Board prepared a report on the use of mobile phones.
Regarding health effects of mobile phones in all domestic and overseas research assessment report prepared by the scientific committee, was given suggestions for the public about the use of mobile phones.
"Instead of talking, text messages should be benefited,"
Etkilenimin waves emitted from mobile phone according to the report highlighted the distance decreases, the use of wired headset to keep the phone away from the head, because you can be reduced by the harmful effects of mobile phones. In the absence of the earpiece "speaker" mode by pressing the voice from the phone to speak with an interview is recommended.
Continued growth and development of mobile phone use, especially in children and delaying the age of children are being advised not to use mobile phones. If children use mobile phones, checking invoices, required stimulation is required.
Prefer hard wired phones
Cell phone use is not recommended for pregnant women.
Except in an emergency cell phone use and cell phone whenever possible instead of hard wired telephones are recommended.
Kept as short as possible during the interviews with cell phone and asked to benefit from a very short messages. After the number is dialed until you connect the phone line being asked to be kept away from the body.
Needs to be done when an incoming call or a call to a mobile phone cases, cell phone to ear after the connection significantly reduce exposure to electromagnetic radiation with keeping said.
"Yellow is the preferred value of the low-phones"
According to the report, mobile phones, prefer getting a low SAR value is recommended.
Using mobile phones as possible and kept away from the body is required. Especially in heart, brain, kidney, organs such as the emphasis should stay away.
Baby rooms, bedrooms and children held available near the mobile phone is recommended.
Mobile phones off while sleeping, at least 1 meter away from the introduction of bedside kapatılmayacaksa recommended.
"Moving vehicles should not be used in the mobile phone"
Mobile phones in moving vehicles is not recommended to use and handle. The rationale for this metal in a car as reflected in the inner surface of the electromagnetic field intensity, the passengers can be caused by exposure to electromagnetic waves more open havadakinden.
Also, trying to cross the ever-changing base stations communicate with mobile phones, electromagnetic wave yayabiliyor than usual.
Attention to reduce the use of a cell phone or car phone while driving can cause accidents and also are warned. Therefore, after taking the vehicle to a safe place to talk with a cell phone is recommended.
Is risky, especially rainy and foggy weather, road conditions should not be used with mobile phones said. In addition, oil stations, asked to use your mobile phone.
Despite the report of the Ministry of Health Information Platform Technology has come a statement against the thesis. Platform, according to the direction that it is threatening the health of mobile phones do not have scientific data.
"There are no data showing that the health threat"
Platform Information Technology, Ministry of Health, Health Effects of Electromagnetic Fields in the report published by the Assessment Sub-Committee then made a statement in writing. The examples given to explain the various studies done around the world, threaten the health of mobile phones said that the absence of any scientific data.
The statement, mobile communications company 219 is connected to more than 800 countries, the World GSM Association (GSMA), published yesterday, "Mobile Technology, Health and Environment" document, a new generation of mobile phone technology and mobile phones has given the health mark in research dealt with the effect of was.
World Health Organization (WHO) document the findings in the last 20 years, expressed in number of studies on the potential risks of mobile phones said, "The document is harmful to health signals from base stations, there is no satisfactory scientific evidence" was recorded.
Research was carried out with five thousand participants over the age of 30
The statement, GSMA document, type of service used in all mobile technologies (data or audio), and minimal forces tuttuklarının emphasized by their distance from said antenna.
Support of the World Health Organization and International Agency for Research on Cancer, a comprehensive survey of the world conducts Interphone Study Group (Interphone Study Group) report the results of which contained the statement, "Interphone'un 10 years, more than 5 thousand participants from 13 countries over 30 years of research carried out intermediate report, the negative impact of mobile phones has created a definitive conclusion on the varılmadığına "noted.
The statement also included information received from Interphone'dan, said:
"The Health Protection Agency, which reports to the independent Advisory Group on Non-Ionizing Radiation, Interphone'nun studies are well designed, carefully made and the possible health risks from the use of cell phone said there was a major contribution to the understanding. In studies examining the relationship between cellular phone use and brain tumor, in laboratory experiments on animals by exposing them to radiation, radio frequency data obtained in animals and studies on the effect of mobile phone use and cancer, radiation exposure was expressed not understood. "
is harmful to the base stations, base What is the SAR value, brain health, heart health, loss of mobile phones, mobile report, mobile phones is harmful to the health of children, pregnant women who use mobile phones, human health, the magnetic field, health care, the Ministry of Health

ready to milk 'bottle-fed baby's health and to what extent the harmful

Errors include too high concentration of formula, changing brands and the timing of feeds, they said.

This can lead to examples of "overfeeding" which can cause obesity, while babies who do not receive enough formula milk risk being undernourished.

Researchers found that a lack of information and support for bottle-feeding mothers was contributing to the problem.

A review of studies involving more than 13,000 mothers found many felt guilty for bottle-feeding and neglected by the health service.

Some new mothers thought they were a failure for bottle-feeding or were angry about not being able to breastfeed.
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Others thought midwives were more interested in helping breastfeeding mothers than those who used bottles, the experts found.

The research, published in the Archives of Disease in Childhood journal, involved 23 studies.

Experts led by a team from the University of Cambridge looked for common themes emerging from the studies.

They noted that mothers did not receive enough information about bottle-feeding, owing to the fact breastfeeding is promoted as being best for baby.

"The WHO/Unicef code on infant feeding discourages active dissemination of information on bottle-feeding during the antenatal period, but permits postnatal advice and instruction on bottle-feeding only after the mother has decided to bottle-feed," the study said.

"However, several mothers expressed a desire to be able to make fully informed choices in advance."

The researchers noted one UK study which highlighted how some midwives mistakenly thought they were forbidden from giving advice to bottle-feeding mothers, even after the baby was born.

"When women do not get information from healthcare professionals, they are reliant on friends and family, and incorrect practices are likely to be handed down from one generation to the next," the researchers said.

"Errors in formula milk preparation and handling occurred across all studies that measured this.

"In addition to the short-term issues of hygiene and safety, it is possible that errors in the measurement and over concentration of bottle feeds may contribute to overfeeding, rapid infancy weight gain and later obesity.

"It is well recognised that bottle-fed infants have an increased risk of subsequent obesity compared with those who were breastfed, and it has been proposed that bottle-feeding gives the parents more control and the infant less self-regulation, thereby potentially over-riding infant satiation cues."

The study also noted that parents often changed the brand of formula they used because the baby regurgitated it.

However "it was possible that the reason for this symptom may not have been intolerance but overfeeding," the researchers said.

"The other common reasons for changing formula were colic, excessive crying and constipation.

"The decision to change formula was made by the mother or the health professional, and there was a risk that infants would wrongly be labelled as having an intrinsic abnormality (allergy or intolerance) with long-term consequences to their health."

A comprehensive Infant Feeding Survey from 2005 showed that while 78 per cent of mothers in England initiate breastfeeding, only 45 per cent of babies were exclusively breastfed aged one week, dropping to less than 1 per cent when they were six months.

It found that almost half of mothers who prepared powdered infant formula did not follow key recommendations aimed at reducing the risk of infection and overconcentration of feeds.

The authors concluded: "Mothers who bottle-fed their babies experienced negative emotions such as guilt, anger, worry, uncertainty and a sense of failure.

"Mothers reported receiving little information on bottle-feeding and did not feel empowered to make decisions.

"Mistakes in preparation of bottle-feeds were common."

The authors said that while it was known that breast milk is best for baby, mothers who choose to bottle-feed or who have failed with breastfeeding should be supported.

They added: "Inadequate information and support for mothers who decide to bottle feed may put the health of their babies at risk."

First aid treatment of broken bones

Rough play not infrequently results in broken bones. Children are most prone to greenstick fractures, where the bone doesn't break completely and there is minimal damage to the skin.

Suspect a fracture if your child cannot move the affected area normally or without pain; if there is bruising and/or swelling around the site of the injury; if the area appears deformed in any way.

1. Support the joints above and below the affected area with your hands to prevent worsening of the injury.
2. For extra support, put an affected arm in a sling; immobilize a leg by tying knees and ankles together.
3. Take your child to the nearest accident and emergency department if someone else can support her while you drive, or call an ambulance.

Warning

• Don't try to straighten her limb if it is bent or curved.

• Don't touch an open wound. If there is an open wound or if bone is sticking through the skin, cover it with a sterile dressing.

• Don't give your child food or drink because she may need a general anaesthetic.

My baby is normal behavior?

Sleeping problems, feeding problems, crying or even tantrums – certain of your baby’s reactions can worry you. Be assured, a lot of this is just a question of a few weeks or months, the time it takes for your infant to find his bearings.

So in the meantime, let’s take stock of some of these baby behaviours, which are for the most part normal…
Baby is crying a lot…

It’s often in the first months that baby cries the most. These cries can express hunger or discomfort, but it is not always possible to explain them. This crying often worries young parents who feel powerless when confronted with the seemingly never-ending cries of newborns.  But there’s no need to panic if baby cries a lot, once you feel sure that he is not in any pain or in a wet nappy. Try to reassure him by taking him in your arms and don’t systematically associate these cries with pain – keep in mind that crying is the only means your baby has of communicating.
Baby has problems sleeping…

“So, is he sleeping through the night,” a question often asked by those around you, and which can often make you bristle! Sleeping problems are the main reason young mums consult the paediatrician. If your baby has problems sleeping, don’t worry.  Baby’s arrival requires certain adaptations and it is absolutely normal that he doesn’t sleep through the night, especially during the first months. And of course, while he is feeding every 3-4 hours, you can't expect him to sleep through, and sadly neither will you!
Baby’s minor feeding problems…

You shouldn’t confuse regurgitation with vomiting. The former is characterised by small quantities of milk that are brought up, just after the bottle or breast-feeding.  Be assured, these small regurgitations are quite normal and without pain for your baby. Similarly, in the first months, digestion may occasionally cause abdominal pain. But if your baby continues to grow, drink and sleep normally, there’s no need to worry. However, if your baby’s pain is accompanied by diarrhoea, vomiting or high temperature, don’t hesitate to consult your doctor.
Baby’s tantrums…

Baby sometimes expresses his annoyance or his tiredness by tantrums – even at a rather early age! This irritability can also be the sign of a physical ailment that you need to try to understand. Later, at about two years old, your child will often say “no” and the tantrums could become more frequent. If your toddler calms down easily and the tantrums are only transitory, there’s no need to worry.

Regardless of all that has been said above, if any of these behaviours becomes long lasting or you notice a sudden change in several aspects of your child’s behaviour, don’t hesitate to consult your doctor. If in doubt, you can start by giving your doctor a call to see whether your worries warrant an appointment or not.

Sources: Interviews with child psychiatrists, Dr Paola Velasquez and Dr Laurence Robel, Paris (AP-HP)

room for children safe?

Ensuring safety in all the rooms of your home is essential as many household items are potentially dangerous, particularly for exploring babies and toddlers.

All children are naturally adventurous and inquisitive, and it is all too easy to underestimate the dangers your child may face in your home as soon as she becomes mobile. Many household items are dangerous to children. Every year children have accidents and many could have been avoided with a little forethought.
General tips for room-by-room safety

    Buy all medicines in child-proof bottles, and always keep them out of the reach of your child in a locked medicine cupboard. Ask your pharmacist if he can supply prescription medicines in child-proof bottles.

    Always keep medicines and chemicals in the clearly labelled containers that they originally came in. Never put a poison into a bottle that previously held a harmless liquid such as fruit juice.

    Store all drugs and chemicals as far away from food as possible.

    Don't leave aerosol cans lying around - the nozzle could easily be depressed by your child and could cause eye damage.

    Fit socket safety covers to all power points that are not in use.

    Make sure that flexes and electrical appliances are kept out of the reach of your child.

    All electrical flexes should be in good condition and not frayed or otherwise damaged; replace them if necessary.

    Fit window locks or safety catches to prevent windows opening more than 10cm (4in). Bear in mind that windows can be an essential escape route in case of fire so make sure the window keys are easy to find in an emergency.

    Never leave anything near windows that your child could climb up on.

    Keep pins, needles, matches, lighters, sharp knives and scissors out of the reach of your child, in a child-proof drawer.

    Cover hot radiators and pipes with towels or seal them off with pieces of furniture that your child can't move. Teach your child from an early age that radiators are hot and shouldn't be touched.

    If you own a gun always store it, and its ammunition, in a locked safe.

    Always buy flame-resistant clothing for your child.

    Make sure furniture is too solid and heavy for your child to pull over.

    Fit smoke alarms to ceilings on each level of your home. Check them regularly to make sure that they are still working.

    Replace old foam furniture; it gives off toxic fumes if it catches fire.

Avoiding risk factors for room-by-room safety

The chances of an accident happening are increased by the following factors:

    If your child is tired, ill or hungry.

    If parents are tired or ill or if the mother is premenstrual or pregnant.

    When there's great excitement in the home, such as when you're going on holiday or expecting the arrival of a new baby.

    If your child is considered hyperactive.

    If you and your partner aren't getting on, or if you're actually rowing.

    If your child hasn't got anywhere safe to play.

    If correct safety precautions haven't been followed.

    If the equipment you use for your baby doesn't comply with safety standards.

What is SARS?

SARS
Also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS is a viral respiratory illness that first appeared in southern China in November 2002. The virus that causes this illness is spread through close contact with an infected person, usually through the air or by touching a contaminated surface. The only proven cure for this condition is time, so treatment goals are focused on providing relief of symptoms and complications as the body fights the virus.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new viral respiratory illness first identified in humans in early 2003, after first appearing in southern China in November 2002.

What Causes It?
SARS is caused by an infection with the SARS virus. The SARS virus is a previously unrecognized coronavirus called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV).

(Click What Causes SARS? for more information.)

Transmission of SARS
The virus is spread through close contact with an infected person. It can be passed either through the air or by touching a contaminated surface.

(Click How Is SARS Spread? for more information.)

Incubation Period
The time between exposure to the virus and the onset of SARS symptoms is called the incubation period. The incubation period for SARS is typically two to seven days, although in some cases, it may be as long as 10 days. In a very small proportion of cases, incubation periods of up to 14 days have been reported
What Are the Symptoms?
Symptoms usually begin with a high fever, measured by a temperature greater than 100.4°F (38.0°C). Other early symptoms may include:

   Headache
    An overall feeling of discomfort
    Body aches
    Chills
    Sore throat
    Runny nose
    Diarrhea    

After two to seven days, other symptoms may occur, including

    Dry cough
    Shortness of breath
    Low oxygen levels in the blood (hypoxia)
    Pneumonia    

In 10 percent to 20 percent of cases, patients require breathing support with mechanical ventilation.

(Click SARS Symptoms for more information.)

Making a Diagnosis
In order to make a diagnosis, your doctor will ask a number of questions, perform a physical exam, and recommend certain tests. As part of diagnosing this condition, the doctor will also rule out other causes of possible symptoms.

If your healthcare provider determines that you are at high risk, he or she will recommend certain lab tests, including

    PCR Test
    Serologic testing
    Viral Cultur


(Click Diagnosing SARS for more information.)

Treatment Options for SARS
Once a person has become infected, there is only one cure -- time. There is currently no treatment that can kill the virus. Therefore, treatment is focused on providing relief of symptoms and complications as the body fights the virus.

Most SARS cases require hospitalization for intensive supportive care. This supportive care can include

    Intravenous (IV) fluids
    Medications, including antibiotics, steroids, and/or antivirals
    Breathing support from a ventilator
    Prevention of secondary infections
    Good nursing care.
    What Is the Prognosis?
    SARS is a potentially life-threatening infection, with an average death rate of 11 percent for the most severely affected areas. SARS is also associated with a number of serious complications, such as pneumonia. However, one third of people infected with the SARS virus have only mild symptoms.
    
    Doctors can seldom predict why one person will develop serious symptoms and another will not. However, they do know that certain factors increase a person's chance of developing serious symptoms. People at risk for more serious SARS symptoms include:
    
    People over the age of 65
    People with other medical problems    

(Click SARS Prognosis for more information.)

History of SARS
SARS was first reported in Asia in February 2003, after first appearing in southern China in November 2002. Over the next few months, SARS spread to more than two dozen countries in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia before the SARS global outbreak of 2003 was contained.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a total of 8,098 people worldwide became sick with SARS during the 2003 outbreak. Of these, 774 died. Of the 774 deaths attributed to SARS, more than 50 percent occurred in people 65 years of age or older. Susceptibility decreased significantly with age, with children the least likely to acquire the disease.

In the United States, only eight people had laboratory evidence of a SARS virus infection, with no deaths. All of these people had traveled to other parts of the world with SARS. SARS did not spread more widely in the community in the United States.

The prompt recognition that SARS is caused by a new type of coronavirus is a tribute to the dedication of and collaboration by the world's medical researchers and public health experts. Much more research is needed, however, to develop ways to identify, treat, and prevent this deadly illness.

What Is Leprosy?

Leprosy is a complex infectious disease that is caused by bacteria. It is also known as Hansen's disease.

History of Leprosy
Although leprosy has been recognized as a disease for several thousands of years, Dr. Gerhard Armauer Hansen, a Norwegian scientist, first discovered the cause of leprosy in 1873. Considerable progress has been made over the last 40 years so that today the majority of cases can be treated without too much difficulty and most of the fears generated by the folklore surrounding it can be counteracted.

The disease has erroneously been associated with biblical leprosy, which scholars believe was actually a variety of skin diseases categorized under the term leprosy. Some of these conditions could have included:

    Psoriasis
    Syphilis
    Smallpox
    Fungal infections.

What Causes It?
The cause of leprosy is an infection with the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae. Mycobacterium leprae are part of the family Mycobacteriaceae. This is the same family as the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Mycobacterium leprae grow slowly and mainly affect the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes. It can also affect the:

    Eyes
    Muscles
    Bones
    Testes.

(Click Mycobacterium Leprae for more information about this bacteria.)

The illness can occur at any age, but cases of leprosy under age 1 are rare. Up to 20 percent of cases occur before the age of 10. In children, the disease occurs equally in males and females. In adults, it is twice as common in males as females.
Forms of Leprosy
There is a limited form of leprosy called tuberculoid or paucibacillary (few bacilli) and a more generalized form called lepromatous or multibacillary (many bacilli).

How Is It Spread?
Despite first discovering Mycobacterium leprae in 1873, research scientists still do not completely understand how the disease is spread.

Most scientists believe that it spreads from person to person through infected respiratory droplets. While this may be one mode of transmission, over half of the people who develop leprosy have no confirmed contact with an infected person. Other factors that may play a role in a person developing the condition include:

    Genetics
    The extent of exposure
    Environmental conditions.

(Click How Is Leprosy Spread? for more information.)

Incubation Period
When a person becomes infected with the bacteria that cause the disease, the bacteria begin to multiply within the body. After three to five years, symptoms can begin. This period between becoming infected and the start of symptoms is called the "leprosy incubation period." Although the incubation period for leprosy is typically between three and five years, it can range from six months to several decades.

Symptoms of Leprosy
Leprosy usually affects the skin and peripheral nerves. However, once a person starts experiencing symptoms, they can range in type and severity. The symptoms will also vary based on the form of leprosy that a person has (tuberculoid leprosy versus lepromatous leprosy).
Making a Diagnosis
In order to make a diagnosis, the doctor will ask a number of questions and perform a physical exam, looking at the skin and other parts of the body for signs of leprosy. If the doctor has a high suspicion that a person has the condition, he or she will likely recommend a skin biopsy.

Several other medical conditions that share common symptoms with leprosy include:

    Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus)
    Lupus vulgaris
    Dermal leishmaniasis
    Sarcoidosis
    Peripheral neuropathy
    Yaws
    Syringomyelia.

Because leprosy can resemble other skin diseases, a diagnosis is often delayed.

(Click Diagnosis of Leprosy for more information about how it is diagnosed.)

How Is It Treated?
Historically, there was no cure for leprosy, and lepers were segregated for extended periods of time. Today, most people with the condition are treated in the home and easily cured with antibiotics. Also, with early diagnosis and treatment, many symptoms and complications can be minimized or avoided altogether.

Treatment involves medicines along with supportive care. Supportive care is treatment of leprosy symptoms and complications. The length of time a person is treated will vary depending upon the form of the disease that a person has. Treatment will generally continue for one year for the tuberculoid form and two years for the lepromatous form.
Complications
Leprosy is quite possibly the most common cause of crippling in the hands in the world. Other complications can include:


    Loss of fingers or toes following an injury or an infection
    Blindness
    An increased risk for arthritis and amyloidosis.


Worldwide, 1 to 2 million people are permanently disabled because of the disease.

Prevention
Because leprosy can be cured with medicines (see Cures for Leprosy), an early diagnosis will often reduce associated symptoms and complications. Therefore, while prevention is not always possible, especially where leprosy is endemic, control should be possible.

(Click Prevention of Leprosy for more information about how to prevent the disease.)

Statistics on Leprosy
Statistics from 2002 include:

    The number of new leprosy cases detected worldwide was 763,917
    96 cases occurring in the United States were reported to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
    The World Health Organization (WHO) listed Brazil, Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Nepal as having 90 percent of leprosy cases that year.

What is the treatment of Behcet's Disease?

What Is Behcet's Disease?
Behcet's disease is a chronic condition that causes canker sores or ulcers in the mouth and on the genitals, and inflammation in parts of the eye. In some people, Behcet's disease also results in:


    Arthritis (swollen, painful, stiff joints)
    Skin problems
    Inflammation of the digestive tract, brain, and spinal cord.


Behcet's (BAY-sets) disease was first described in 1937 by Dr. Hulusi Behçet, a dermatologist in Turkey.

Who Does It Affect?
Behcet's disease is common in the Middle East, Asia, and Japan; it is rare in the United States. In Middle Eastern and Asian countries, the disease affects more men than women. In the United States, the opposite is true. Behcet's disease tends to develop in people in their 20s or 30s, but people of all ages can develop the condition.

Cause of Behcet's Disease
Research scientists are not sure of the causes of Behcet's disease. At this point, scientists think that genetics and some environmental factors may be possible factors in the development of the condition.

Scientists do know that nearly all of the symptoms of Behcet's disease are due to an inflammation of the blood vessels, but they aren't sure what causes this inflammation. These scientists also know that this disease is not contagious, meaning it is not spread from one person to another.
Symptoms
The symptoms of Behcet's disease differ from one person to the next. Some people have only mild symptoms, such as sores in the mouth, while others have more severe problems, such as vision loss. Symptoms of Behcet's disease may appear, disappear, and then reappear. The times when a person has symptoms are called flares.

The five most common symptoms of Behcet's disease are:


    Mouth sores
    Genital sores
    Other skin problems
    Inflammation of parts of the eye
    Arthritis.
    

Other, less common symptoms include:


    Central nervous system problems, including meningitis and encephalitis
    Blood clots
    Inflammation in the digestive system
    Blindness.
    

Diagnosing Behcet's Disease
In order to make a diagnosis, the doctor will likely ask a number of questions about a person's medical history, including:


    Current symptoms
    Family history of any medical problems
    Any medicines the person is taking.
    

The doctor will also perform a physical exam to look for any signs of the disease.

Diagnosing Behcet's disease is often difficult, because no specific test confirms it. Less than half of patients initially thought to have Behcet's disease actually have it. Most people are diagnosed with Behcet's disease based on the most common symptoms of the condition.
Treatment Options
Since there is no cure, the goal of treatment for Behcet's disease is to reduce pain and prevent serious problems, such as disability from arthritis or blindness. Common treatment options include:


    Corticosteroids (medication to reduce pain and inflammation)
    Immunosuppressive drugs (medication that helps control the immune system, reduce inflammation, and prevent disease flares)
    Rest during flares
    Moderate exercise, such as swimming or walking, during periods of remission (a disappearance of symptoms).
    

The type of medicine and the length of treatment for Behcet's disease depend on the person's symptoms and their severity. It is likely that a combination of treatment options will be needed to relieve specific symptoms of the condition. Patients should tell all their doctors about the different medicines they are taking so that the doctors can coordinate treatment.

Prognosis for Behcet's Disease
Although there is no cure for Behcet's disease, most people with the condition can lead productive lives and control their symptoms through:


    Proper medication
    Rest
    Exercise
    Healthy lifestyle.


When treatment is effective, flares usually become less frequent. Many patients eventually enter a period of remission (a disappearance of symptoms).

In some people, treatment for Behcet's disease does not relieve symptoms, and gradually more serious symptoms, such as eye disease, may occur. Serious symptoms may appear months or years after the first signs of Behcet's disease

A period and still be pregnant?

To start with, always remember that pregnancy and periods can never go along simultaneously. If you are indeed pregnant, technically, you cannot get your periods. Missing your period is actually the first sign of pregnancy. Bleeding in early pregnancy is a common occurrence, but this does not signal a true menstrual cycle. You must realize that the hormones that are active during pregnancy totally prevent ovulation. As we know, ovulation is the time in your cycle when the egg is released into the uterus and women experience menstrual bleeding. Since the egg in pregnant women is already fertilized, ovulation does not occur and hence no bleeding.

Early Pregnancy Bleeding

However, it is not uncommon to find that many women do report getting what seem like regular periods during early pregnancy. The bleeding that pregnant women complain about though is not truly a menstrual period. It can be called as early pregnancy bleeding. The perception of having a menstrual period (or more than one) in early pregnancy can confuse the due date and delay some pregnant women from seeking appropriate and timely medical care. In instances where a couple is unaware that they are expecting, it can be particularly emotionally challenging to find out about the pregnancy at the same time they are told that the bleeding might signal a problem.
It can be hard to calculate your date of delivery when you aren’t sure which period was the true last menses. A number of timing issues can help provide a ballpark estimate of when conception took place. Pay attention to these dates for help – when did you have unprotected intercourse, when did the pregnancy test turned positive (especially if there were some negative results before the positive one), and when you first noticed symptoms of pregnancy (such as breast tenderness or nausea). An ultrasound is the best technique to determine the baby’s due date if you are not sure about one or more of these dates.
Identifying the due date is quite important in prenatal care, since some tests, like the triple check, are standardized by the exact number of weeks of gestation. In addition, most couples as well as their practitioner want to have some idea of when to expect the baby. Here are some explanations for what may seem like regular menstrual flow when you are pregnant.